Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary: A Serene Haven in the Western Ghats

Nestled in the scenic Western Ghats of Kerala, Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary (also known as Periyar Tiger Reserve) is one of India’s most famous and ecologically rich wildlife destinations. Spanning over 925 square kilometers and surrounded by the beautiful Periyar Lake, this sanctuary is a haven for nature lovers, wildlife enthusiasts, and adventure seekers alike. Famous for its tiger population, elephant herds, and biodiversity, Periyar is a must-visit destination for anyone exploring the wildlife of South India.

A Brief Overview of Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary

Located in the Idukki district of Kerala, Periyar is a protected area that was established in 1950 as a wildlife sanctuary and later upgraded to a tiger reserve in 1978. The sanctuary is situated at the heart of the Periyar Tiger Reserve and is part of the larger Western Ghats Biosphere Reserve, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. This area is characterized by dense forests, grasslands, rivers, and valleys, offering diverse ecosystems that support a wide range of flora and fauna.

Periyar is renowned not only for its rich biodiversity but also for its conservation efforts, making it one of the most successful tiger reserves in India. Its stunning landscapes, tranquil lake, and abundant wildlife provide an immersive experience for visitors who want to experience nature at its finest.

A Rich Biodiversity: Flora and Fauna of Periyar

Periyar is home to a variety of species, including some of India’s most iconic wildlife. The sanctuary’s diversity of ecosystems, ranging from tropical evergreen forests to savannas and grasslands, allows a wide range of flora and fauna to thrive.

1. The Majestic Tigers

While tigers are not always easy to spot due to the dense forests, they are the primary attraction of the Periyar Tiger Reserve. The Royal Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) is the apex predator of the sanctuary and plays a critical role in maintaining the balance of the ecosystem.

The park is home to a healthy population of tigers, and while sightings are rare, they do happen, especially during the early morning or late evening safaris. The presence of tigers also ensures the protection and conservation of many smaller species, maintaining the delicate ecological balance.

2. Elephants: The Gentle Giants

One of the most common sightings in Periyar is the Indian elephant (Elephas maximus indicus), which is often seen in herds by the lake or in the surrounding forests. The sanctuary is home to a significant population of elephants, making it one of the best places in India to observe these gentle giants in the wild.

The sight of elephants bathing in the Periyar Lake or moving in herds through the forests is one of the highlights of a visit to the sanctuary. Elephant safaris, where you can ride on the back of an elephant for a guided tour, offer an incredible way to experience the park from a unique perspective.

3. Other Mammals

Apart from tigers and elephants, Periyar is home to a wide variety of other mammals, including:

• Wild Boar: These animals are common in the park and can often be seen foraging in the forest.
• Sambar Deer: A large species of deer, they are an important prey base for the tigers and can be seen grazing in open meadows.
• Muntjac (Barking Deer): These small, solitary deer are frequently spotted in the forested areas of Periyar.
• Nilgiri Langur: The rare Nilgiri Langur (Semnopithecus johnii) is an endangered species found in the high-altitude areas of the park.
• Lion-tailed Macaque: These monkeys, with their distinctive black tails, are one of the most iconic species of the Western Ghats and can be spotted in Periyar’s forests.
• Leopards: While elusive and hard to spot, leopards do inhabit the sanctuary, although sightings are rare.
• Indian Wild Dog (Dhole): These animals are known for their pack behavior and are occasionally sighted in the park.

4. Birds and Avian Life

Periyar is a birdwatcher’s paradise, with over 260 species of birds recorded. The sanctuary’s diverse habitats, from wetlands to dry forests, support a rich variety of avian life. Some of the notable bird species include:

• Great Hornbill: The Great Hornbill (Buceros bicornis) is one of the most iconic birds of the Western Ghats and is a frequent sight in the sanctuary.
• Malabar Grey Hornbill: A smaller cousin of the Great Hornbill, it is commonly found in the forests of Periyar.
• Indian Pied Hornbill: Another species of hornbill that is commonly sighted in the sanctuary.
• Black Eagle: The Black Eagle is a rare bird of prey that is occasionally spotted soaring in the sky.
• Nilgiri Wood Pigeon: A critically endangered species found only in the higher reaches of the Western Ghats, including Periyar.
• Crested Serpent Eagle: A medium-sized raptor that preys on reptiles and is often seen perched in the trees.
• Asian Openbill Stork: Found near wetlands, these storks are easily identifiable by their distinctive curved bills.

5. Reptiles and Amphibians

Periyar also supports a variety of reptiles, including the Indian cobra, Russell’s viper, and Python, as well as several species of turtles. The park’s many lakes, streams, and wetlands are home to frogs and other amphibians, making it an ideal destination for herpetologists.

Activities and Attractions in Periyar

Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary offers a wide range of activities to explore its natural beauty and wildlife.

1. Boat Safari on Periyar Lake

One of the most popular activities in the park is the boat safari on Periyar Lake. The boat ride allows you to explore the sanctuary from the water and provides an excellent opportunity to spot wildlife, especially elephants, tigers, and other animals that gather around the water to drink. The lake is surrounded by thick forests, and the serene atmosphere makes the boat ride a peaceful and enjoyable experience.

2. Jeep Safari and Wildlife Trails

Jeep safaris are another way to explore the park’s diverse ecosystems. These guided safaris take visitors deep into the heart of the sanctuary, where they can spot tigers, elephants, and other wildlife. For more adventurous travelers, trekking trails offer a chance to explore the sanctuary on foot. Guided nature walks and trekking tours are available, providing insights into the flora, fauna, and history of the region.

The Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary also offers half-day and full-day treks that allow you to venture into the jungle and observe wildlife in their natural habitats, with expert naturalists leading the way.

3. Birdwatching

Periyar is a dream destination for birdwatchers, and there are several birdwatching trails available within the sanctuary. Whether you’re an experienced birder or just a nature lover, the variety of birds in Periyar makes it a must-visit place for bird enthusiasts.

4. Elephant Safari

For a more intimate experience with nature, elephant safaris are available in Periyar. Riding atop an elephant allows you to get a closer look at the park’s flora and fauna, and offers the chance to see wildlife from a unique vantage point.

5. Visit to the Periyar Wildlife Museum

To learn more about the history, flora, and fauna of the sanctuary, visitors can explore the Periyar Wildlife Museum, which showcases exhibits related to the park’s biodiversity, conservation efforts, and cultural significance.

Best Time to Visit Periyar

The best time to visit Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary is during the winter months from October to March, when the weather is pleasant, and wildlife sightings are frequent. During this time, the temperatures are comfortable, and the park is lush and green, making it ideal for safaris and other activities.

The summer months (from April to June) can be hot, but this is also the time when animals gather around the waterholes, making it a good time for wildlife sightings, particularly elephants. The monsoon season (from June to September) brings heavy rains, which may make some activities, like trekking and safaris, less enjoyable.

Getting There

• By Air: The nearest airport to Periyar is Kochi International Airport, about 140 km away. Another option is Trivandrum International Airport, which is approximately 200 km away.
• By Train: The nearest railway station is Kottayam, around 114 km from the park. Madurai is another major railway station about 135 km away.
• By Road: Periyar is well-connected by road to major cities in Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Taxis and buses are available from Kochi, Kottayam, and Madurai to reach the sanctuary.

Conclusion

Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary is a must-visit destination for wildlife lovers, nature enthusiasts, and adventure seekers alike. Its stunning landscapes, rich biodiversity, and opportunities for wildlife sightings—especially of the Asiatic elephants and Bengal tigers—make it a unique experience in India’s southern region. Whether you are interested in a peaceful boat ride on the lake, an adventurous jeep safari, or simply soaking in the beauty of